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Friday, 10 November 2017

The TCP/IP Reference Model

The TCP/IP Reference Model
TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. It is the network model used in the current Internet architecture as well. Protocols are set of rules which govern every possible communication over a network. These protocols describe the movement of data between the source and destination or the internet.

1. host to network layer
    -Lowest layer of the all.
    -Protocol is used to connect to the host, so that the packets can
      be sent over it.
    -Varies from host to host and network to network.

2. Internet layer
   -Selection of a packet switching network which is based on a
    connectionless internetwork layer is called a internet layer.
   -It is the layer which holds the whole architecture together.
   -It helps the packet to travel independently to the destination.
   -Order in which packets are received is different from the way
    they are sent.
   -IP (Internet Protocol) is used in this layer.

3. Transport layer
    -It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or
     single path.
   -Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or splitting on the
    data is done by transport layer.
   -The applications can read and write to the transport layer.
   -Transport layer adds header information to the data.
   -Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so
     that they are handled more efficiently by the network layer.
   -Transport layer also arrange the packets to be sent, in sequence.

4. Application layer
 The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that   were at the top of the protocol stack. Some of them were TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS etc.

 -TELNET is a two-way communication protocol which allows
  connecting to a remote machine and run applications on it.
 -FTP(File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol, that allows File transfer
  amongst computer users connected over a network. It is reliable,
  simple and efficient.
 -SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is a protocol, which is
  used to transport electronic mail between a source and
  destination, directed via a route.
 -DNS(Domain Name Server) resolves an IP address into a textual
  address for Hosts connected over a network.
watch video for more learn about TCP/IP:-
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